你更喜歡手繪還是計算機化目視化管理流程
(四)
作者:Art Byrne
可視化地共享關鍵進度數據可以激勵各種環境中的員工,包括辦公室環境中的月薪員工。
Visually sharing crucial process data motivates employees in every setting, including salaried employees in office environments.
我在一家人壽保險公司的董事會任職時發現了這一點,當時,該公司平均需要48天才能回復一份保險申請。
I discovered this while serving on the board of a life insurance company that, at the time, was taking 48 days on average to respond to a request for insurance.
當我們調查這個漫長進度的原因時,發現了傳統組織的公司通常會存在的許多問題。
When we investigated the cause of the lengthy process, we found many of the usual suspects of a traditionally organized company.
一個主要問題是缺乏一個簡單的價值流程來處理理賠。添加了一個目視化板解決了這個問題。
A primary problem was the lack of a simple value stream to process the claims. Adding a visual board helped us tackle this.
當時,公司核保部門的核保員與協助他們的案件經理坐在一起,然而核保員和案件經理向不同的經理匯報工作。
At the time, the company organized the underwriting department so that underwriters sat near case managers who assisted them. However, the underwriters
and case managers reported to different managers.
剛開始時,一個核保員平均每周核保15份保單。我們將一個核保員和四個案件經理組成了一個單元線(作業單元),每個案件經理每小時負責給核保員提供一個完整詳細的案件。
When we started, an underwriter was underwriting 15 lives per week on average. We formed a cell with one underwriter and four case managers, making each
case manager responsible for giving the underwriter one fully detailed case per hour.
對他們而言這是一種全新的方法,開始時有些抱怨,當我要求他們展示每小時的可視化控制板時,抱怨變成了徹底的騷動。
This approach was all new to them, and there was some complaining —which changed to an outright uproar when I made them display an hour-by-hour visual control board.
他們抱怨說“這非常不專業。”但他們很快發現這種方法有效。這個作業單元可以在不到20天內處理完申請,每位核保員每周可以核保88份保單。
They complained that “this is very unprofessional.” But they quickly discovered that this worked. The cell could process applications in less than 20 days, and each
underwriter was underwriting 88 lives per week.
了解目視化管理更廣泛的優勢
目視化控制的基本情況不僅僅適用于特定產品線或業務功能。
The underlying case for visual controls applies beyond a particular product line or business function.
我們發現,按照精益模式“賣一個,做一個”的原則,我們無法容忍機器故障或工具間里工具的損壞(維修可能需要三周時間)。
We found that following the lean model of “sell one, make one” meant we couldn’t tolerate any machine breakdowns or broken tools in the tool room, which
could take three weeks to repair.
因此,我們開始目視化管理設備的維護保養,為所有設備創建了常規的(每日、每周和每月)維護流程。
So, we started managing maintenance visually, creating regular (daily, weekly, and monthly) maintenance routines for all our equipment. We tracked this work with
a simple peg board with colored golf tees to display the current state.
使用一個掛鉤板來顯示當前狀態,甚至為每個模具制作了一張報告卡片,由小型檢查/維修團隊在每次使用后進行檢查和修復(如有需要)。
We even created a report card that traveled with each die, which the small inspection/repair team used each time it inspected and repaired (if needed) every die
after every use.
此外,我們還以看板卡的形式對整個工廠進行目視化控制。
Furthermore, we ran the entire factory with visual controls in the form of kanban cards.
之所以能做到這一點,是因為從根據預先確定的預測進行生產轉變為通過看板啟動生產。
We could do so because we shifted from producing according to a pre-established forecast to initiating production by kanban.
為每一個SKU分配一個看板容量單位——整托盤、半托盤,甚至 10 箱或 20 箱。
We assigned a kanban quantity — a full pallet, half palle t, or even a box of 10 or 20 — to each SKU.
每天隨著客戶訂單的到來,每當SKU達到預定的訂單數量時,我們就會在生產車間旁邊打印一張看板卡。
As customer orders came in throughout the day, we printed a kanban card right on the floor next to where we produced the product each time an SKU reached
a predetermined quantity of orders.
這張卡片觸發我們修改生產計劃,因為它并立即向團隊發出生產該產品的信號指令。
That card trumped all our production plans by immediately signaling the team to make that product next.
保持簡明的目視化管理
與充分了解生產系統的運作方式以及目視化管理如何支持關鍵的精益理念相比,制作目視化控制的呈現方式(計算機化、手繪、甚至用粘土雕刻)就顯得不那么重要了。
How you produce your visual controls (computerized, hand-drawn, or even with sculpting clay) matters far less than fully understanding how your production system operates and how visual management supports your key
lean ideals.
如果按照傳統方式,根據預測分批進行生產,那么目視化控制就無足輕重了。當轉向精益生產和單件流生產時,可以采用任何形式的目視化管理來跟蹤是否按照節拍作業。
Your visual controls won’t matter if you produce the traditional way, in batches to a forecast. When you move to lean and one-piece flow, you can tap any form of visual management to track how well you are working to takt time.
如果不這樣做,就沒有時間彌補了。因此,我建議從簡單的手動目視化控制開始,如掛圖、旗幟信號、紅燈或綠燈,甚至是掛鉤板。
There is no time to make it up if you don’t.So, I suggest starting with simple manual visual controls such as flip charts, flag signals, red or green lights, and maybe
even golf tees on a peg board.
隨著進展,可以逐漸過渡到更自動化的計算機控制的目視化管理方式。但是,如果你打算這樣做,請始終進行成本效益分析,確保其值得投資。保持簡單,傻瓜才會選擇復雜!
As you progress, you can move to more automated computer-controlled visuals. However, if that’s what you want, always do an initial cost-benefit analysis to ensure it will be worthwhile. Keep it simple stupid!