在我們開始精益轉型時,
我們應制定怎樣的目標?
大多數公司在開始走精益之路時,都忽略了回答這個極為重要的問題。根據我的經驗,大多數公司忽略回答這個問題的原因在于大約95%實行精益轉型的公司將精益重點視為降低成本的計劃。因此,他們專注于車間的運營成本,強調減少人員。他們沒有把精益視為公司戰略、也不把它視為企業經營的完整方式。因此,運營副總裁就使用精益工具來削減成本,而不做任何真正的改變。組織的其余部分繼續以傳統的批處理模式運行。
這種方法使組織的各個部門相互對立,只會造成混亂。例如,運營團隊努力使工廠負荷均衡,而銷售和市場團隊卻努力引入大批量訂單。
此外,當他們踏上精益之旅時,傳統批量生產型公司所使用的目標設定及測量方法并不會有太大改變。這并不奇怪,因為他們已經習慣了自己長期使用的東西。一個典型的列表可能是:
- 銷售額每年增長4%
- 毛利率每年提高0.5%
- 提高直接與間接員工的比率
- 五年內投資回報率提高4%
大多數公司認為他們的增值過程是理所當然的,也都熟悉這樣的目標。這種方法的基本思想是:“繼續做我們一直在做的事情,但要做得更好一點。”更重要的是,這些目標以結果為導向。它們指明了我們想要達到的目標,但沒有說明如何達到目標。例如,如何實現銷售額每年增長4%?此外,公司員工中很少有人理解像ROI這樣復雜的測量方法,所以很難讓他們都為這個目標而工作。
事實是,所有的公司,無論是制造型公司還是非制造型公司,本質上都是相似的,他們都是由試圖向客戶提供價值的一群人和一系列流程組成。
理解這一事實會改變你對精益轉型的看法,并將努力集中在一組完全不同的目標或指標上,但大多數傳統大批量制造型公司看不到這一點,他們理所當然地認為當前所為就是增值活動(即流程)。他們認為面對目前的換型時間長或六到八周的交付期的現狀,自己是無能為力的。相反,他們制定策略去說服客戶忍受漫長的交付期。
如果不改變結果導向的流程,你會注定要一遍又一遍重復相同的結果。
在這樣做的過程中,他們忽視了導致現有結果的流程。這種思維是危險的,因為如果不改變流程,注定要重復相同的結果(或許只有微小的差異)。這就是為什么精益領導者建議員工始終“關注你的流程,而不是結果”。我并不是說傳統大批量制造型公司從不嘗試改進流程(我相信他們會的),只是他們迫于每個月要有好的表現的指標壓力,阻礙了去推動改善流程而帶來進步的行動。
專注于流程,而不是結果
轉向精益需要完全專注于向客戶交付價值,這反過來要求你清楚地明白必須改進流程,必須把精益看作是一種基于時間的增長戰略。每一次從流程中消除浪費,縮短時間,從而對快速響應客戶需求并提供更多的價值。
采用精益的思想和實踐意味著將卓越的運營作為戰略優勢,要做到這一點,必須清楚地定義公司的“卓越運營”是什么樣子的。這種變化需要長期思維,設定的目標都必須是可以延展的目標(具有挑戰性的高目標)。你正試圖從現在的狀態轉型到完全不同的狀態。
記住,你正在試圖改變溝通,最終改變企業文化。如果你設定的目標不會讓人們感到震驚,并讓他們說:“你在開玩笑吧,我們永遠都做不到。”那么你就沒有把標準定得足夠高。
想象一下,你的公司庫存周轉率是3轉,而我將卓越運營的目標設定為5轉。這個稍微有點挑戰性的目標可能會讓人們認為,只要做他們現在正在做的事情,他們就可以實現它,相比之前這只是稍微好一點。現在想象一下,如果我把目標設為20轉,這種想法就會被拋到腦后!為了達到20轉的目標,每個人都清楚的明白一切都必須改變,他們必須跳出思維定勢,整個組織將不得不共同努力去實現這樣的目標。你如果還是用讓生產運營均衡負荷地生產,并由銷售帶來大批量的訂單的方法,目標是沒有任何實現的希望。
精益目標應該是具有挑戰性的高目標,并且簡單到每個人都能理解。
你的精益目標不僅必須是可延展的目標(具有挑戰性的高目標),還需要專注于改進流程,精益目標不能只關注結果。當接近目標時,也應該表明競爭優勢。最后,目標也應該足夠簡單,能使組織中的每個人都能理解它們。朝著這些目標努力,將把每個人團結在一起,形成團隊的力量,一步一步地,在成功的基礎上繼續取得成功,這也將改變企業文化。
下周將更新:
在我們開始精益轉型時,我們應制定怎樣的目標?(下)
文章原文
What Targets Should We Set When Launching a Lean Turnaround?
Most companies overlook answering this excellent question when
they start down the lean path. That’s because, in my experience,
roughly 95% of all companies launching lean see it primarily as a cost
reduction program. So, they focus on operating costs on the shop
floor, emphasizing head-count reduction. They don’t see lean as a
strategy, a complete way to run the business. As a result, the vice
president of operations will use lean tools to cut costs without making
any real changes. The rest of the organization continues to run in a
traditional batch mode.
This approach pits parts of the organization against one another
and causes nothing but confusion. For example, the operations team
will be working hard to level-load the factory while the sales and
marketing team works just as hard to bring in big batch orders.
Moreover, as they head down the lean path, the measurements or
targets used by the traditional batch company won’t change much.
That’s not surprising, as they have become comfortable with what they
have used for a long time. A typical list might be:
Grow sales 4% annually
Increase gross margin by 0.5 points annually
Improve the ratio of direct vs. indirect head count
Increase ROI by four points in five years
Most companies take their value-adding processes for
granted.Most companies are familiar with targets like these.
This approach basically says, “keep doing what we have been doing, but do
it slightly better.” More importantly, these targets are results-
oriented. They indicate where we want to be but say nothing about
how to get there. How, for example, will you achieve 4% annual sales
growth? In addition, few of your employees understand complicated
measurements like ROI, so it is difficult to get them all on board
working for this goal.
The truth is that all companies, manufacturing and non-
manufacturing, are fundamentally alike. They are nothing more than a
group of people and a bunch of processes trying to deliver value to a
set of customers.
Understanding this fact changes how you look at a lean
turnaround and focuses your efforts on a radically different set of
targets or metrics. Most traditional batch companies can’t see this.
They take their value-adding activities (i.e., their processes) for
granted. They assume that they cannot do anything about long setup
times or six- to eight-week lead times. Instead, they develop a
strategy that persuades their customers to put up with their long lead
times.
If you don’t change the processes that gave you the
results, you are doomed to repeat them over and over.
In so doing, they are ignoring the processes that gave them the
results they just got. This mindset is dangerous because if you don’t
change the processes, you are doomed to repeat the same results
(with minor differences) over and over. That’s why lean leaders advise
people to always “focus on your processes, not your results.” I’m not
saying that traditional batch companies never try to improve their
processes. I’m sure they do. It is just that their primary emphasis on
“make-the-month” tends to overwhelm any real push to improve their
processes.
Focus on Processes,
Not Results
Switching to lean requires a total focus on delivering value to the
customer, which, in turn, requires that you clearly understand that you
must improve your processes. You must see lean as a time-based
growth strategy. Every time you eliminate waste from your processes,
you reduce the time it takes to do something — and allows you to be
more responsive to your customers and deliver more value.
Adopting lean thinking and practices means competing on
operational excellence as your strategic advantage. To do this, you
must clearly define what “operational excellence” would look like for
your company. This change calls for long-term thinking. The targets
you set all have to be stretch goals. You are trying to transition from
where you are to something completely different.
Keep in mind that you are trying to change the conversation, and
ultimately your culture. If you set targets that don’t shock people and
make them say, “are you kidding me, we’ll never be able to do that,”
then you haven’t set the bar high enough.
Imagine that your company is turning inventory 3x, and I set a
target for operational excellence at 5x. This slightly more challenging
goal might make people think they can achieve it by just doing what
they are doing now, only a little better. Now imagine instead that I set
the target at 20x—this kind of thinking goes out the window! To get
to 20x, everyone clearly understands that everything has to change,
and they must think outside the box. The whole organization will have
to work together to make something like that happen. You can’t have
operations trying to level-load while sales brings in big batch orders
and have any hope of reaching this target.
Your lean targets should be stretch goals and simple
enough that everyone can understand them.
Your lean targets not only have to be stretch goals, but they also
need to focus on improving the processes. They can’t just be results-
focused. As you approach the targets, they should also indicate your
competitive gains. Finally, they should be simple enough that
everyone in the organization can understand them. Working toward
these targets will bring everyone together as a team and, step by
step, success on top of success, will change your culture.
To be continued next week